That link looks like a ton of reading. Here's a bit quicker explanation:
1 & 2) Shield and armor should reduce damage from abilities and basic attacks, respectively, on a 1:1 ratio. To do the math you add up your hero's base armor or shield, plus any bonuses. Do the same for the attack (base attack plus any bonuses), and then find the difference between the two.
3 & 4) Should be on a per second basis. lifespring, for instance, should give 13 health per second.
5) Just like...
Posted: Dec 29, 2014